Chapter 5: Composing Office Documents

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><a href="http://getassignment.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Recommendations for Emails, Memos, and Reports</a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are certain guidelines to follow when you write any kind of office document. Other guidelines are specific to the type of document. In this section, I provide some general ideas on composing business documents, as well as some brief, more specific tips on writing emails, memos, reports, and international correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="382"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP4"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Some General Guidelines <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://getassignment.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrubtjWLlQHZjJdsDOEvXFE1EO2FJSc0CsNcFHxrjciFonRsoc6TSO84WnKSTSX_QBeSPi6H7KEHb5MKtKtO8JkLRqcfQvCLLKwKtszIIZ5j4OZkN9lBeudvJqjs0bg9Xo8gW4JdRYWS4/s1600/4223121+(1).png" width="400" /></a><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Know why you’re writing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before you write anything longer than two or three paragraphs, write down the answer to this question: <i>Why am I writing?</i> (For example,<i> To secure funds for the system enhancement, To propose a new approach to employee communications)</i>Keep this answer in front of you as you write; it’s your objective. Include nothing in your document that doesn’t relate to or support your objective.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Organize your document. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The most basic, and usually the most effective, way to organize any business document is to present the information in descending order of importance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An exception to this rule occurs when your reader might be reluctant to accept your point of view. In that case, consider presenting information in the opposite order, from least to most important, gradually bolstering your case and ending with your strongest point. The danger with this approach, of course, is that the reader might lose interest and stop reading.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">More complex documents sometimes require additional organizing principles. Some other ways to present information include:</span></span><br /><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Chronological order <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Compare-and-contrast format<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Problem-solution format <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cause-to-effect format (This approach is good only when you want to explain why something happened or what you think will happen in the future.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">When deciding which format to follow, put yourself in your readers’ shoes. Determine how your readers will logically think about the topic, and pick an organizational method that will match their logic. Whatever organizing principle you use, it’s still a good idea to follow the most-to-least-important guideline within sections and paragraphs of your document.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Omit details that will be of interest to only some readers in the main text. Instead, include them in appendix section at the end of the document.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Make it easy on the eyes. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Aside from using correct spelling and grammar, there are several ways to make your document easy to read: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use wide margins and ample white space.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Left-justify your text; that is, align your left margin, and keep your right margin “ragged” for ease of reading and a more inviting look.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Indent at least five spaces at the beginning of paragraphs. Another option is to separate paragraphs with line breaks (block style).<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Indent lists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use plenty of headings and subheadings.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Highlight important points with bullets.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Include a table of contents for documents of ten pages or more.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Headings and subheadings guide your readers through your document and show which topics are more important than others. They help readers find information they need so they can scan the rest. Use primary headings for the main sections of the document and subheadings for sections within those sections. Make the headings at different levels graphically distinct. For example: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">BOLDFACE SMALL-CAPITAL LETTERS FOR HEADINGS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Boldface Lower-case Letters for Subheadings </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Italics for Sub-subheadings </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Make the headings as informative as possible. Also make headings at the same level of importance grammatically parallel (for example, all subheads on the same level begin with verbs).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bullets allow readers to see information at a glance. They are an excellent way to highlight key points, but reserve them for that purpose. Overusing bullets robs them of their impact. There is no set format for bulleting, but here are some guidelines: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Limit each bulleted item to a few lines.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Make bulleted items grammatically parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">List only a few bulleted items at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Capitalize the beginning of each bulleted item.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be consistent in punctuating items, which can end with a period, comma, semicolon, or nothing at all.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Make it easy to understand. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Visual techniques are not the only way to make your document accessible to the reader; word choice can help or hinder readers’ understanding, as well. Here are some tips for making your document easy to comprehend: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Stay in the same person (first, second, or third) throughout the document. See <b>point of view,</b> Page 41.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Don’t be afraid to use <i>I.</i> First person is common in business documents now. It can keep writing from sounding stilted, making it clearer and more personal. <i>(I distributed the survey</i> is clearer and sounds more energetic than the passive, <i>The survey was distributed.) </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be consistent with verb tenses within sentences and paragraphs: If you start in the present tense, end in the present tense. If you start in the past tense, end in the past tense – unless there is a logical reason to change tenses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Minimize brackets, slashes, dashes, and parentheses. Use contractions unless the document is extremely formal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Don’t use words unless you’re certain of their meaning. If you are even remotely in doubt, look a word up in the dictionary – or don’t use it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Grab and hold the reader’s attention. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use strong openings and closings in any document you write. In particular, the first paragraph should grab the reader’s attention – not by being unusual or outrageous, but by presenting most important information clearly and engagingly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Adopt a conversational tone. Big words and stilted language turn readers off. The simpler and more conversational you can make your writing, the more likely your audience will want to keep reading. Test your writing by reading it aloud to see how it sounds. If it sounds wooden and artificial to you, it will sound that way to your reader.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use more <i>you</i>words than <i>me</i> words in all but the most formal documents to show respect and consideration for your reader and to support that conversational tone. When your <i>you</i> words <i>(you, your, yours)</i> outnumber your <i>me</i> words <i>(I, me, my, mine),</i> your readers will more readily accept what you tell them without even knowing why.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By all means, sound adult, but not parental. When you give instructions or make recommendations or suggestions, resist sounding superior or protective. Avoid such words and phrases as <i>should, never, always, remember to,</i> and <i>be </i>(or <i>make) sure.</i> Treat your readers as your intellectual equals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are several effective ways to end a document. They include reiterating key points, drawing a conclusion or making a judgment, making recommendations, and suggesting a course of action.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Summarize your ideas. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An executive summary at the beginning of a paper is helpful, particularly for longer documents. Like an abstract in a technical paper, an executive summary presents the key ideas of a document in a few sentences or paragraphs (a page at the most). An executive summary allows people who can’t read the full text to grasp your main points quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For extremely long documents, consider including brief summaries at the beginning or end of each section.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Proofread, proofread, proofread. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use your spell-check tool, but don’t stop there; it won’t catch words that are spelled correctly but misused<i> (to</i> for <i>two, at </i>for <i>an). </i>If you have time, print the document and proof it in hard copy, as errors are easier to catch on paper. Consider asking a strong writer to review it and give you feedback.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="383"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP38"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Emails <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Keep messages short. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Emails are best suited for quick, day-today correspondence. If your message is very important or very long (more than 250 words, or half a printed page) consider sending it as a Word file or making it a memo. Because people receive so many emails daily, a printed document may add weight to what you are saying.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use informative subject lines. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The recipient of your email should be able to get the gist of your message by scanning the subject line. “Today’s meeting” is more informative than “Meeting,” and “Today’s meeting cancelled” is even better.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Give context.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Include the original email or some other type of context when replying to a message, even if you respond immediately. Most people get dozens of emails daily, and a simple “Yes” or “No” without context can be confusing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be conscious of screen length. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie1nUSXmytcbdj27nfce_yfNhECchRY_4wNdlCoUHMc5ORcCL0ERVsgziZE0MYFH2X453jEXt_earvfWFQuiStvRVnkIceIY32CbeVHP5qq1GoQWQRONdnBYl4bMOV3JwpRfOgws_b5OM/s1600/my-documents-icon.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie1nUSXmytcbdj27nfce_yfNhECchRY_4wNdlCoUHMc5ORcCL0ERVsgziZE0MYFH2X453jEXt_earvfWFQuiStvRVnkIceIY32CbeVHP5qq1GoQWQRONdnBYl4bMOV3JwpRfOgws_b5OM/s1600/my-documents-icon.png" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Keep your messages short and be conscious of screen length. Have the most important information appear right away, so the reader doesn’t have to scroll down to find it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Break up paragraphs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It’s hard enough on the eyes to read from a computer screen without having to slog through a long, dense paragraph. When in doubt, chop things up.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be professional. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Because emails are often conversational in tone, it is tempting to think of them as a different species from other business documents. But while emails may be less formal than other documents, they shouldn’t be less professional. Follow the same conventions you would in any other business correspondence: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Write in complete sentences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Capitalize the beginning of sentences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use proper punctuation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Proofread before sending. If it’s a particularly important email, print it and proofread it in hard copy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Two other tips: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Avoid using all caps. Not only are they equivalent to screaming, but they can also be difficult to read.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Do not use emoticons (smiley faces, etc.). They’re fine for personal emails, but not appropriate in most business contexts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Assume your email will be forwarded. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">People other than the intended recipient may see your email. Emails are often forwarded, and in some cases, companies can even retrieve deleted messages. A good thought to hold as you write an email is to omit anything you wouldn’t want exposed on <i>60 Minutes.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="384"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP56"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Memorandums <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A memorandum is an informal report that is usually five pages or fewer in length. Confirm this detail in your company, however; some companies want memos to be only one page long.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Common ways to present information in a memo include: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Inverted pyramid format (most to least important ideas) <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Prioritization format (priorities listed in order of importance) <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Problem-solution format <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Compare-and-contrast format<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Chronological order <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Two other memo tips: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Use <i>Subject </i>or<i> Re</i> lines that are as informative as possible. <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Alphabetize lists of comparable words, products, or people – especially people – to avoid distracting your readers with “ranking” games.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="385"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP62"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Reports <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A report is longer, more detailed, and often more formal than a memo. Reports should include, at a minimum, the following components: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Table of contents <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Executive summary <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Body <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Conclusion <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Appendix <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The format or structure of a report is often prescribed precisely by company rules or convention. Before you begin, confirm your company’s format.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">If appropriate, include a recommended course of action in the concluding section.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In a report that includes recommendations, it can be quite effective to present the recommendations at the beginning of the document, and then build support for them in the following text. Readers always want to know “Why?” This format leads them to their answers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Because reports are so dense, they can be difficult to follow. Therefore, it’s particularly important to use lots of headings and subheadings in reports, as well as to leave ample margins and space between topics and to number every page.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In writing formal documents, keep your language as clear and straightforward as in more casual documents, with two adjustments: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Avoid contractions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Avoid addressing the reader directly, with conversational references to <i>you.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="386"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP71"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">International Correspondence <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be aware of the culture and the relationship. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">If you are corresponding with someone in another country, your company has probably established a relationship with their company. If possible, meet with an individual in your company who can tell you about the relationship between the two companies and perhaps something about the business culture, as well. Having this background information will help you establish an appropriate relationship with the individual(s) with whom you’ll correspond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Find out how to address the recipient. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Because business relationships in other countries are often more formal than in the United States, address your recipient by his or her last name until invited to do otherwise. Even if you are on a first- name basis when you speak, it’s best to use last names in written correspondence. Also include in their address any honorary titles or advanced degrees they might hold (<i>Ph.D., </i>etc.). One way to avoid offending colleagues from another country is to follow their lead: Mimic the way they address you.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Choose an appropriate tone. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Finding out about the conventions of the other culture will help you choose the appropriate tone. If you’re in doubt, err on the side of formality, as informality is sometimes considered rude in other countries. Avoid words that could be considered demanding (such as <i>must</i>). Do not attempt to be funny; humor usually does not translate well between cultures and is often considered inappropriate. Be unfailingly courteous and respectful.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Avoid slang, jargon, idioms, figures of speech, and emoticons. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">When composing a business document that will be read by natives of another country, avoid slang, jargon, idioms, figures of speech, and any other words or phrases that could be misinterpreted or misunderstood. Emoticons are inappropriate in any business correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be particularly conscious of spelling. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Correct spelling is extremely important in international correspondence: If a word is spelled incorrectly but is still a word, recipients may find an unintended meaning when they look it up in the dictionary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Consider approaching your topic indirectly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In some cultures, it is considered rude to bring up business right away. Soften your approach with personal greetings or the written equivalent of small talk before addressing the subject at hand. Even when discussing the meat of your document, consider using a more indirect approach than you might normally use. In some cultures, subtlety and reading between the lines are the norm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Don’t assume all cultures are alike. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Do your research on the customs of individual countries, even if they are in similar regions or located close to one another.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Keep in mind that date formats differ. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Many countries other than the United States express dates as follows: 4 September 1973. Keep this in mind when writing <i>and reading</i> numerical forms for dates (9/4/73) so that months and days are not confused. Unless you are filling out forms where the date field is limited to six or eight digits, write out the complete date to avoid any chance of misunderstanding.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Offer alternatives to written correspondence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">To establish a comfort level and reduce the opportunity for misunderstanding, suggest a phone call or videoconference to discuss your topic – but only if you and your correspondent can converse in the same language fluently. Follow up any phone calls with written confirmation of their content, especially any decisions that were made.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be mindful of time zone differences. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Your contact in another country could be many hours behind or ahead of you, depending on which of the world’s 24 time zones he or she lives in. Find out early in your project the time difference between your two locations, and keep this difference in mind when you correspond. (Ask about “time changes,” too; other countries have their own versions of Daylight Saving Time, and their changes may take effect on different dates.) If you are using email, don’t expect instant responses. Check your contact’s time before placing a phone call.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Confirm format before sending attachments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">If you email attachments, ask your contact what format to use. If your contact cannot access or read the documents you send (and vice versa), discontinue sending attachments and use a mail service (U.S. Postal Service, FedEx, UPS, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Remember you are representing your company – not yourself. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The impression your contact has of your company may depend almost entirely on his or her impression of you. As sparkling and fun-loving as your personality may be, presenting yourself as a competent, professional businessperson is what matters in this relationship. Represent your company in the way you know your company wants to be represented.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div></div>

Chapter 5: Composing Office Documents

Recommendations for Emails, Memos, and Reports There are certain guidelines to follow when you write any kind of office document. Other guid...

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Chapter 2: Getting Grammar Straight

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><h1 class="chapter-title"><br /></h1><div class="section"><h2 class="sect2-title"><a href="" name="22"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP2"></a>Some Grammar and Punctuations Rules</h2><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="23"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP3"></a>agreement</h3><div class="first-para">Pronouns must agree with the word they refer to in person, number, and gender. This is known as pronoun- antecedent agreement.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Everyone wanted to cash in their stock options.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Everyone wanted to cash in his or her stock options.</div><div class="last-para">(<i class="emphasis">Everyone</i> is singular; therefore, the pronouns that refer to it must be singular as well.)</div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0Kenz2X_uNJxo-IKEUx6BP3Rjz4vFMUrYlsD7hF9idTx-IOZK5r8CA3q9BgWOn8EbH2NiJinVIiSu0ZUl3zLNZKijGuogRDzVpmyiyIQCMf8Xs0TRmbJZoswOhZWvVU0AJ_Z_8_MMLk/s1600/Cover+-+English+grammer+-+experimental+large+size.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0Kenz2X_uNJxo-IKEUx6BP3Rjz4vFMUrYlsD7hF9idTx-IOZK5r8CA3q9BgWOn8EbH2NiJinVIiSu0ZUl3zLNZKijGuogRDzVpmyiyIQCMf8Xs0TRmbJZoswOhZWvVU0AJ_Z_8_MMLk/s400/Cover+-+English+grammer+-+experimental+large+size.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="para">Similarly, verbs must agree with the subject of the sentence. (If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.) This is known as subject-verb agreement. Do not fall into the trap of making the verb agree with the noun closest to it if that noun is not the subject.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> A portion of our efforts are devoted to marketing.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> A portion of our efforts is devoted to marketing. (<i class="emphasis">Portion</i>, not <i class="emphasis">efforts</i>, which is the object of the prepositional phrase beginning with <i class="emphasis">of</i>, is the subject of the sentence. <i class="emphasis">Portion</i> is singular, so the verb must be singular.) </div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="24"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP9"></a>an</h3><div class="first-para">Use the article <i class="emphasis">an</i> when the word that follows starts with a vowel <i class="emphasis">sound.</i> Pay attention not to whether the first letter is actually a vowel or consonant, but what it <i class="emphasis">sounds</i> like: </div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">an option </i></div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">an hourly wage</i> </div><div class="last-para">But: <i class="emphasis">a used book</i> (because the <i class="emphasis">u</i> sounds like a <i class="emphasis">y</i>) </div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="25"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP12"></a>and</h3><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">And</i> can be used to join words, phrases, and clauses.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">To join words:</i> He is a pompous and arrogant man. <i class="emphasis">To join phrases:</i> We look for employees with outgoing personalities, the ability to solve problems quickly, and experience in the service industry.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">To join clauses:</i> I like to dance, he likes to cook, and she likes to paint.</div><a name='more'></a></blockquote><div class="para">When using <i class="emphasis">and</i> to join two independent clauses, make sure the two clauses are equal in importance. Do not use <i class="emphasis">and </i>simply to tack on information at the end of a sentence or if one idea is dependent on another. (In the latter case, use a more specific word, such as <i class="emphasis">because </i>or<i class="emphasis"> so</i>.) </div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Not good:</i> The shareholders’ meeting was in Houston, </div><div class="para">Texas, and many people attended. <i class="emphasis">Better:</i> The shareholders’ meeting, which many people attended, was in Houston, Texas.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Better:</i> The shareholders’ meeting was in Houston, Texas. Many people attended.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Not good:</i> His plane was late, and he missed the meeting. <i class="emphasis">Better:</i> His plane was late, so he missed the meeting.</div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="26"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP17"></a>apostrophe (’)</h3><div class="first-para">Use an apostrophe: </div><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para">When indicating possession: <i class="emphasis">a person’s signature, people’s signatures; the boy’s toy, the boys’ toys. </i></div><div class="para">When a singular common noun ends in <i class="emphasis">s,</i> add an<i class="emphasis"> ’s </i>(<i class="emphasis">princess’s, boss’s)</i> unless the word that follows also begins with <i class="emphasis">s</i> (<i class="emphasis">the boss’ son</i>). For singular proper names ending in <i class="emphasis">s</i>, use an apostrophe only <i class="emphasis">(Paris’ food, Jesus’ example). </i></div><div class="last-para">For compound words, add apostrophe or <i class="emphasis">’s</i> to the word closest to the object possessed (<i class="emphasis">the vice president’s opinion).</i> </div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">When indicating omitted letters or numerals: <i class="emphasis">can’t, ’90s.</i> </div><div class="last-para">When an apostrophe appears in front of a number, it should face this way: ’ </div></li></ul><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Do not use an apostrophe</i>: </div><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para">When forming the plural of numbers or decades: <i class="emphasis">1870s, 1990s; 20s, 30s, 40s,</i> etc.</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">When forming the plural of letters or abbreviations: <i class="emphasis">Ds, Fs, VIPs.</i> </div></li></ul></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="27"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP22"></a>but, used at the beginning of a sentence</h3><div class="first-para">Contrary to popular belief, it is acceptable to use <i class="emphasis">but</i> at the beginning of a sentence. However, as with any other sentence formation, be careful not to overuse.</div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="28"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP24"></a>capitalization</h3><div class="first-para">Capitalize the first word of a sentence. This rule holds true when a sentence appears within a sentence (quoted material) or when a complete sentence follows a colon.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">I couldn’t believe it when she said, “Take the rest of the day off.” </i></div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Later, I found out why she gave us a vacation day: She didn’t want us around while she was firing people. </i></div></blockquote><div class="para">Capitalize titles only when they precede a person’s specific name: </div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">We heard President Bush speak. </i><br style="line-height: 1;" /><i class="emphasis">We heard the president speak. </i></div></blockquote><div class="para">Capitalize the official names of governments, companies, and organizations. Do not capitalize common nouns such as <i class="emphasis">division, committee, manager, department,</i> and<i class="emphasis"> director</i>. However, it’s better to follow the conventions of your company and overcapitalize than to be a stickler about this.</div><div class="para">Capitalize the trademarked names of products, but not the products themselves.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Band-Aid, bandage </i><br style="line-height: 1;" /><i class="emphasis">Kleenex, tissue </i><br style="line-height: 1;" /><i class="emphasis">Xerox, photocopy </i></div></blockquote><div class="para">Capitalize the words <i class="emphasis">north, south, east,</i> and<i class="emphasis"> west</i> only when they designate a well-known region (<i class="emphasis">the Midwest, Southern California</i>). Do not capitalize them when they indicate direction. <i class="emphasis">(The storm is moving north.)</i> Do not capitalize seasons of the year: <i class="emphasis">spring, autumn, winter, summer</i>.</div><div class="last-para">Capitalize titles of books, articles, plays, and films. Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or short prepositions in titles <i class="emphasis">(A Man for All Seasons)</i> unless they begin or end the title <i class="emphasis">(In the Bedroom).</i> Capitalize prepositions that contain more than four letters <i class="emphasis">(A River Runs Through It).</i> </div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="29"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP34"></a>colon (:)</h3><div class="first-para">Use a colon: </div><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para">To introduce a list of items. (<i class="emphasis">This report is missing several sections: a table of contents, an introduction, and a conclusion</i>.) </div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">To introduce an explanation. (<i class="emphasis">I’m not sure I agree with his conclusion: His logic seems flawed.)</i> </div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">To heighten the impact of the word or words that follow. <br style="line-height: 1;" />(<i class="emphasis">The cause of her illness was simple: malnutrition.</i>) </div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">After the salutation of a business letter. (<i class="emphasis">Dear Mr. Smith:</i>) </div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">To separate elements of time (hours and minutes, minutes and seconds). <i class="emphasis">(The meeting starts at 3:30. Her official time for the race was 6:02:27.)</i> </div></li></ul><div class="para">Do not place a colon between a verb and its objects or between a preposition and its objects.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Please address the letter to: the client, the CEO, and the lawyers. <i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Please address the letter to the client, the CEO, and the lawyers.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Our strongest departments are: accounting, marketing, and human resources.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Our strongest departments are accounting, marketing, and human resources.</div></blockquote><div class="last-para"><br /></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="30"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP40"></a>comma (,) </h3><div class="first-para">Place a comma: </div><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para">Between two or more adjectives that modify a noun.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">A dark, conservative suit is best for a job interview. </i></div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">Between items in a series. The comma before the and or <i class="emphasis">or</i> in a series is now considered optional, but I include it to avoid confusion. Whether or not you choose to include this serial comma, be consistent throughout your document.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">The flag is red, white, and blue.</i> </div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">To set off clauses that would not change the meaning of their subject if they were left out (“nonessential clauses”). If the words are essential to the meaning of the subject, do not enclose them in commas.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">The conference room, which is comfortable but elegant, can hold 30 people. </i></div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">Before a conjunction separating two independent clauses. However, if the clauses are extremely short, no comma is necessary.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">She writes the documents within three to four weeks, and I edit them within a few days. </i></div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">She writes and I edit. </i></div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">To separate a direct quote from the rest of the sentence.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">“This report is pathetic,” he yelled. </i></div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">Between parts of dates and place names.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para">The agreement was signed on November 6, 2002, but didn’t take effect until a month later.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">She will retire to Palm Beach, Florida, when she turns 70. </i></div></blockquote></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">Between names and titles or degrees that follow.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Thomas Matthews, Jr. </i></div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Angela Adams, M.D. </i></div></blockquote></li></ul><div class="last-para"><br /></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="31"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP51"></a>comma splice</h3><div class="first-para">Do not connect two individual sentences (known as independent clauses), each with its own subject and verb, by a comma. Instead, separate them with a semicolon or a period. If the clauses are short, you can also join them with a conjunction.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Yesterday’s meeting was there, today’s meeting is here.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Yesterday’s meeting was there; today’s meeting is here.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Yesterday’s meeting was there. Today’s meeting is here.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Yesterday’s meeting was there, while today’s meeting is here.</div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="32"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP54"></a>compound adjective</h3><div class="first-para"><br /></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="33"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP56"></a>dangling modifiers</h3><div class="first-para">Modifiers are words or phrases that define or alter the meaning of something. Modifiers are dangling when they don’t modify the subject of the sentence.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Believing the product to be faulty, it was recalled. (Who believes the product to be faulty?) </div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Believing the product to be faulty, the company recalled it. (The company believes the product to be faulty.) </div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="34"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP59"></a>dash ( – )</h3><div class="first-para">The dash is used to interrupt or highlight an idea. (<i class="emphasis">My father – an accomplished golfer in his own right – never beat my mother in golf.)</i> Used most often in informal contexts, the dash should be used sparingly in business writing.</div><div class="last-para">If you must use a dash and can’t create one with the “function” option on your computer, use two hyphens with a space on either side ( -- ).</div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="35"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP62"></a>either/or, neither/nor</h3><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Either</i> goes with <i class="emphasis">or;</i> <i class="emphasis">neither</i> goes with <i class="emphasis">nor</i>.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Neither the radio nor the television is working. <i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> I wish either the radio or the television were working.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Neither the radio or the television is working.</div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="36"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP65"></a>ellipses ( … ) </h3><div class="first-para">Ellipses indicate that a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph has been omitted. They are usually used in quoted material. Ellipses can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.</div><div class="para">The correct way to format ellipses is to use three dots with a space on either side. When deleted words come at the end of a sentence, use a fourth dot as the period.</div><div class="last-para">Do not use ellipses for any other reason than to show omission.</div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="37"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP69"></a>exclamation point (!) </h3><div class="first-para">The exclamation point is used to show extreme emotion. Use only rarely; a period will almost always suffice.</div><div class="last-para"><br /></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="38"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP72"></a>fragment </h3><div class="first-para">A sentence is a group of words with a subject and a verb that form a complete thought. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not form a complete thought.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect: </i>The stenographer typed. As fast as he could. (<i class="emphasis">As fast as he could</i> is not a complete sentence.) </div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> The stenographer typed as fast as he could.</div></blockquote><div class="last-para">Eliminate fragments from your writing.</div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="39"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP76"></a>hyphen (-)</h3><div class="first-para">Use hyphens when you combine two or more words to form an adjective or to create a new word or modifying phrase. Here’s a good rule of thumb: If the reader might otherwise be confused, use a hyphen.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">carry-on luggage </i></div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">day-by-day propositions</i> </div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">the first-time traveler </i></div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">the first time-traveler </i></div></blockquote><div class="para">If one of the words in a modifier is an adverb ending in <i class="emphasis">-ly</i>, do not use a hyphen.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">She was fancily dressed. </i></div></blockquote><div class="para">When a series of modifiers all end with the same word, the word needs only to appear at the end of the series.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">We manufacture small-, large- and mid-size cars. </i></div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="40"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP83"></a>italics </h3><div class="first-para">Italicize names of books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, movies, and TV shows. Use quotation marks for titles of chapters, articles, reports, poems, songs, and musical works. Exception: The titles of long musical works and poems (for example,<i class="emphasis"> Paradise Lost</i>) are italicized.</div><div class="last-para">Italics may also be used to show emphasis. Use them sparingly for this purpose, however.</div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="41"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP86"></a>parallel construction </h3><div class="first-para">Parallel construction means beginning each item in a list with the same part of speech (<i class="emphasis">the art of advertising, the science of accounting, and the mystery of marketing – </i>each item begins with a noun). This helps alert readers to the similarities or connections between things. If you introduce words or phrases with a preposition, either include the preposition only with the first item or with each of the items.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Parallel:</i> This book is for investors, managers, salespeople, and executives.</div><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Parallel:</i> This book is for investors, for managers, for salespeople, and for executives.</div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Not parallel:</i> This book is for investors, managers, salespeople, and for executives.</div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="42"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP89"></a>parentheses ( )</h3><div class="first-para">Parentheses are traditionally used to enclose explanatory material that’s tangential to the main idea. They’re also used to introduce an acronym or an abbreviation.</div><div class="para">Try to limit the first use of parentheses: When you’re tempted to use parentheses to enclose a tangential idea, consider how important the idea is. If it’s important enough to be in the document, it probably doesn’t belong in parentheses. If it’s not important, it probably doesn’t belong in the document.</div><div class="para">Punctuation and parentheses: Put a period inside the closing parenthesis if the statement inside is a complete sentence. Otherwise, punctuate the sentence as if the parentheses did not exist.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Ice cream is my favorite dessert. (And chocolate is my favorite flavor.) </i></div><div class="last-para"><i class="emphasis">Ice cream is my favorite dessert (especially chocolate). </i></div></blockquote><div class="para"><i class="emphasis">Note:</i> Do not follow the written version of a number with a numeral in parentheses.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Enclosed are three (3) documents.</div></blockquote></div><div class="section"><h3 class="sect3-title"><a href="" name="43"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP96"></a>period (.)</h3><div class="first-para">Use a period: </div><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para">At the end of a sentence.</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="first-para">In certain abbreviations: <i class="emphasis">a.m., p.m., B.A., M.A., Ph.D., M.D., Jr. Esq., Ms., Mrs., Mr., Bros., Co., Inc., U.S.A.</i> If an abbreviation ends a sentence, no additional period is needed.</div><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="first-para"><i class="emphasis">At age 45, she went back to school to earn her Ph.D. </i></div></blockquote></li></ul><div class="last-para"><br /></div></div></div></div>

Chapter 2: Getting Grammar Straight

Some Grammar and Punctuations Rules agreement Pronouns must agree with the word they refer to in person, number, and gender. This is known...

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How To Use of After

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="68"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">1 After means later than or following.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern 1: <i>be</i> + after + noun<br /><i>The reception is after the wedding ceremony.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="438"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern 2: after + gerund form of verb + noun<br /><i>After finishing your homework, you can watch television.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="545"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Pattern 3: after</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> (conjunction) + subject noun + verb<br /><i>After you finish your homework, you can watch television.</i></span></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="556"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Pattern 4: verb + after</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> (conjunction) + subject noun + verb<br /><i>The boss left after I came in.</i></span></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="538"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">2 After can mean lower in value or rank.<br /><i>That school's athletes placed after ours in the playoffs.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="526"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">3 After can mean in pursuit of.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="295"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern: verb + after + noun<br /><i>The cat ran after the mouse.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="280"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Verbs often used before <u>after</u>:<br />be, come, go, run</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="282"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">4 After can mean because of.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="287"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern: adjective . . . + after + noun<br /><i>He was mad at her after her behavior at the party.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="473"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br /><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Typical nouns used after <u>after</u>:<br />attitude, behavior, failure, kindness, manners, outburst, reaction, success</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="697"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">5 After can mean in spite of.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="275"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern: after + verb in gerund form<br /><i>They never got married, after dating for years.<br /> After reading this article three times, I still don't understand it.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="585"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">6 After can mean in the style of.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="307"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern: noun + after + noun<br /><i>The school play was a drama after Shakespeare.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="469"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">7 After can indicate continuously.</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="323"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Pattern: time period + after + same time period<br /><i>The man waited night after night for his telephone to ring.<br /> Life got harder year after year.<br /> His mother told him time after time to clean up his room.</i></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="548"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="text-align: left;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;">Nouns often used with this meaning:<br />day, hour, month, night, time, week, year</span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="392"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><center><table border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="middle"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td align="right"></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111#editor/target=post;postID=8538471380943957558" name="{CE}"></a><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5"></td><td colspan="3" height="17"></td><td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111#editor/target=post;postID=8538471380943957558" name="{E1}"></a><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5"></td><td colspan="3" height="12"></td><td rowspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" height="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111#editor/target=post;postID=8538471380943957558" name="{E1}"></a></td></tr></tbody></table></center></div>

How To Use of After

1 After means later than or following. Pattern 1: be + after + noun The reception is after the wedding ceremony. Pattern 2: aft...

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Use of Across

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7IPi65p0jiXUnynWhIzqevizHFdbJHMsy2SaW2Z5mfSL3itDkkbAqk1u7fRFDC7fzv6L_WJeWMCJDsWsgE8NdTrRhBqd6AsrH1NMxpTn4XrDrzaBehGO8UuyDZp6cDuLulC8lgiXZdEg/s1600/139102-0-b86cb9f05bf9d49b3ed0de57404a9baa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7IPi65p0jiXUnynWhIzqevizHFdbJHMsy2SaW2Z5mfSL3itDkkbAqk1u7fRFDC7fzv6L_WJeWMCJDsWsgE8NdTrRhBqd6AsrH1NMxpTn4XrDrzaBehGO8UuyDZp6cDuLulC8lgiXZdEg/s320/139102-0-b86cb9f05bf9d49b3ed0de57404a9baa.jpg" width="292" /></a><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 22pt;"><a href="http://tudiescorner.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Across</a></span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BB\}";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BB\}";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">                                                     </span></span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td colspan="2" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BC\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">1 </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Across</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> indicates the direction of </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">movement from one side of an area to the other.</span></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="650"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BD\}";"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pattern: motion verb + across + noun</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">The girl ran across the yard.</span></i></span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="290"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BE\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Verbs often used before </span><u><span style="font-size: small;">across</span></u><span style="font-size: small;">:</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">crawl, drive, go, limp, move, ride, run, swim, walk</span></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="392"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{BF\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">2 </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Across</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> can mean </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">on the other side of</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> a place.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="367"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C0\}";"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pattern: verb + across + noun</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C0\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">My friend lives across the street.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C1\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">3 </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Across from</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> means </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">opposite or facing.</span></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C2\}";"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pattern 1: verb + across from + noun</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">My assistant's office is across from mine.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> My secretary sits across from me.</span></i></span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="318"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C3\}";"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pattern 2: verb + across + noun + from + noun</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">My assistant's office is across the hall from mine.</span></i></span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="382"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C4\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">4 </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Across</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> and </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">all across</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> mean </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">in every area of.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">People across the world are using the Internet.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> There is a heat wave all across the country.</span></i></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="365"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C5\}";"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Expression:</span></span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="91"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C6\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">across the board—including everyone or everything</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">Everyone got a raise in salary: there was a wage increase of three percent across the board.</span></i></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="715"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C7\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">5 </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Phrasal verbs</span></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="120"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C8\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">come across (non separable)—find something unexpectedly</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">I came across this old picture of you when I was looking for some documents.</span></i></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="600"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{C9\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">come across (intransitive)—be received by an audience</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">The banquet speaker was not sure how well he came across.</span></i></b></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="468"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{CA\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">run across (non separable)—to find something unexpectedly</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">I ran across a letter you wrote to me when we were children</span></i></b></span></span></div></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="474"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td colspan="3" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td><td rowspan="5" style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></td><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: "\{CB\}";"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">get (something) across to (separable)—make something understood</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">The young girl tried to get it across to her boyfriend that she was not ready to get married.</span></i></b></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br />Read more>></td></tr><tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td colspan="3" style="height: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td></tr><tr height="0"><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="711"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"></td><td style="border: none;" width="0"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Use of Across

Across                                                          ...

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